The article "Terrorism and Profiling: Shifting the Focus from Criteria to Effects" by Daphne Barak-Erez critiques the practice of profiling in counter-terrorism, specifically moving beyond debates over criteria like ethnicity or nationality. Instead, it emphasizes examining the practical effects of profiling and the contexts in which it is used. Barak-Erez argues that nationality-based profiling, proposed as an alternative to ethnic profiling, is not necessarily less discriminatory or more effective, especially in nations with diverse immigrant populations. She highlights that profiling often leads to long-term negative impacts, such as denying entry to countries or detaining individuals, affecting innocent people disproportionately. The paper advocates that profiling should only be employed in enforcement decisions with minimal long-lasting consequences for innocent individuals. This approach aims to reduce the harm caused by profiling while focusing on ensuring its use is justifiable and proportional.